Vowel Strength

Vowel strength

Simple (weak)

a, ā

i, ī

u, ū

ṛ, ṝ

guṇa (middle)

a

e

o

ar

al

vṛddhi (strong)

ā

ai

au

ār

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Use/meaning of cases

 

Nominative                   subject of sentence

Accusative                     direct object of main verb

Instrumental with, by (with saha and vinā)

Dative                             for and indirect object

Ablative                         from

Genitive                          ‘s – indicated possession

Locative                         in, on, at (location)

Vocative                        direct address

 

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