Vowel strength (xi)

 Simple (weak) a, ā i, īu, ū
ṛ, ṝ

 guṇa (middle)
a
e
o
ar
al
 vṛdhi (strong)
ā
ai
au
ār
--


Use/Meaning of cases

Nominative subject of sentence
Accusative direct object of main verb
Instrumental with, by (with saha and vinā)
Dative for and indirect object
Ablative from
Genitive ‘s – indicated possession
Locative in, on, at (location)
Vocative direct address